May ,Investigations into USA air passenger with XDR-TB WHO and CDC
Investigations into USA air passenger with XDR-TB -WHO
CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/xdrtb/default.htm
วันพฤหัสบดีที่ ๓๑ พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๐
วันอังคารที่ ๘ พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๐
Global Environmental Change and Health - SEARO
Global Environmental Change and Health - SEARO
มี ต.ย. materials และวิธีการช่วยเหลือด้านวิชาการ
Child Health & Development - SEARO areas of work
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: The major medical causes of deaths of children in the Region include acute respiratory infection, diarrhoea, vaccine preventable diseases notably measles and tetanus. Malaria and HIV/AIDS are problems in selected pockets. Malnutrition contributes to over half of the deaths. WHO promotes the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy to address the major causes of child mortality. The focus of the strategy is improving health system capacity at first level health facilities for management of sick children, effecting health system improvements and influencing family and community behaviour. The Regional office provides technical support to member states for introducing, scaling-up and evaluation of the IMCI strategy.
It is relevant to note that evidence suggests that only a small proportion of sick children are taken to appropriate health care providers. Some studies suggest that less than 20% sick children seek medical care. And even among these a majority seeks care from the private sector. Thus, there is room for initiatives to influence health-seeking behaviour as well as involvement of the private sector in providing quality care in addition to rapidly scaling up provision of quality child health care through public sector facilities.
Newborn Health: Health of the newborn has received relatively less attention in the Region. Over 40% of child mortality is accounted for by deaths in the neonatal period. The Region accounts for about 1.4 million neonatal deaths every year. The direct medical causes of newborn mortality (asphyxia, sepsis, prematurity, congenital malformations) are well-defined. High prevalence of low-birth weight approaching 33% in some countries contributes to the high neonatal mortality. Evidence based cost-effective interventions are available to address most of the direct causes of newborn mortality. The Regional office has developed a strategy for improving health outcomes in the newborn period in consultation with states and partners. Technical support is provided to member states to incorporate initiatives for newborn health in the maternal and child health programme.
Factors that impact neonatal outcomes include the health status of and care received by the mother before and during pregnancy, during child birth and postnatal care of the mother and neonate. More than 60% of births in the Region take place at home. Skilled attendance at delivery (including access to referral care) and family and community/family practices regarding care of the newborn particularly related to breastfeeding, provision of warmth, prevention of infection, recognition of sickness and care seeking from an appropriate provider are interventions that can contribute to a positive outcome. Availability of skilled attendance in countries with the maximal number of births ranges between 13-42%. The Child Health and Development unit works closely with the Reproductive Health and Research unit to support member-states in their efforts to ensure skilled care at all births.
Malnutrition: Malnutrition in children of South-East Asia is a major issue of public health concern. Malnutrition not only prevents the child from achieving full physical and mental potential but also affects mortality rates. The pernicious link between malnutrition and infections is well documented. A high proportion of children in this Region (25-33%) start their lives with the disadvantage of low-birth weight. While reduction in prevalence of low-birth weight is a long-term goal as it has inter-generational and social dimensions, special care of low-birth weight babies has the potential of reducing the high burden of morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable group. Over three-fourths (79%) of the worlds malnourished children live in the South-East Asia Region. Inappropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices and the burden of infectious diseases contribute to this. Exclusive breastfeeding rates up to 4 months of age range between 4-47%. Complementary feeding rates are also low. In most populous countries of the Region these range between 20-30%. Along with the Nutrition for Health and Development guidance and support is provided to member-states to operationalise the global strategy for infant and young child feeding.
Health System Responsiveness: Most Member Countries of the Region have a reasonable public health infrastructure in place. The challenge is to make it responsive to community needs. This would involve improving skills and competency of health care providers, exploring alternate mechanisms for delivery of interventions, logistics and supplies, and establishing a system of constant monitoring and supervision. The unit works with member-states and partners to explore avenues for improving quality of child health services provided through the health system.
Operational Research: Effective clinical interventions for child health care are known. However, socio-behavioural factors influencing health care practices and health care seeking need further investigation. There are important knowledge gaps about essential requirements for effective community-based care, scaling-up of interventions, and facilitation of an essential health system response including management. Support is provided for evaluating programme implementation, identify lessons learned, and conduct additional research to improve effectiveness of intervention delivery.
วันพุธที่ ๒๕ เมษายน พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๐
link to good paper
Filipino Child Health in the United States: Do Health and Health Care Disparities Exist? from PCD (Preventing Chronic Diseases) CDC
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